While ontogenesis, niche and heterogeneity of MSCs are still under investigation, there is a rapid boost of attempts in clinical applications of MSCs, especially for a flood of civilization-driven conditions in so quickly aging societies in not only developed countries, but also very populous developing world. It was followed by the avalanche of reports from preclinical studies on potentially therapeutic properties of MSCs such as immunomodulation, trophic support and capability for a spontaneous differentiation into connective tissue cells, and differentiation into majority of cell types upon specific inductive conditions. The easy derivation from a variety of fetal and adult tissues and not demanding cell culture conditions made MSCs an attractive research object. Then the term of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been coined in early 1990s and over a decade later the criteria for defining MSCs have been released by International Society for Cellular Therapy.
It was shown as long as half a century ago that bone marrow is a source of not only hematopoietic stem cells, but also stem cells of mesenchymal tissues.
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